Aupperle and Carroll (1985)

Aupperle, Kenneth and Archie B.Carroll. "An Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Profitability." Academy of ManagementJournal, June 1985.

From the authors’ abstract: “Research has … been impeded by the difficulty of adequately measuring corporate social responsibility. This study, using an elaborate, forced-choice instrument administered to corporate CEOs, did not find any relationship between social responsibility and profitability. Specifically, varying levels of social orientation were not found to correlate with performance differences.”

Link:  https://www.jstor.org/stable/256210?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents